Micronutrients

Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals that the body requires in small quantities but are essential for hundreds of biological processes. Vitamins include fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B-complex, C) types. Essential minerals include calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, potassium, and many others.

Unlike macronutrients, micronutrients do not provide calories. However, they are critical for energy production, immune function, bone health, blood clotting, brain function, and antioxidant defense. Deficiencies can cause serious health problems, from anemia (iron) to scurvy (vitamin C) to rickets (vitamin D).

Eating a varied diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and dairy generally provides adequate micronutrients. However, certain populations may benefit from supplementation, including vegans (B12, iron), pregnant women (folate, iron), older adults (D, B12, calcium), and people with limited sun exposure (vitamin D).