Cortisol

Cortisol, often called the stress hormone, is produced by the adrenal glands and plays essential roles in the body's response to stress, regulation of blood sugar, reduction of inflammation, and management of metabolism. Cortisol levels naturally follow a circadian pattern, peaking in the early morning to help with waking and declining throughout the day.

While short-term cortisol elevation during acute stress is beneficial for survival, chronically elevated cortisol from ongoing psychological stress, poor sleep, or overtraining can cause significant health problems. These include weight gain particularly around the midsection, impaired immune function, high blood pressure, muscle wasting, bone loss, mood disorders, and cognitive impairment.

Managing cortisol levels involves addressing the root causes of chronic stress through regular moderate exercise, adequate sleep of seven to nine hours per night, mindfulness or meditation practices, social connection, and balanced nutrition. Excessive caffeine consumption, especially in the afternoon, and intense exercise without adequate recovery can elevate cortisol levels. Blood or saliva cortisol tests can help identify abnormal patterns that may require medical attention.